Pilot Study on Satisfaction in Children and Adolescents after a Comprehensive Educational Program on Healthy Habits.

Prospective research in the area of Education Sciences and Physical-Sports Education agree on the need to design and implement educational programs that promote emotional competencies (ECs), interpersonal competencies (ICs), an adequate level of healthy physical activity (NAFS) and a good adherence to the Mediterranean diet (ADM). The main objective of the study is to design an intervention program in intra- and interpersonal competencies together with nutritional education and corporality called "MotivACTION". The sample consisted of 80 primary schoolchildren aged 8 to 14 years (M = 12.70; SD = 2.76) (37 girls and 43 boys) from two schools in the Community of Madrid. An ad-hoc questionnaire was created to assess the participant's perception of the usefulness of the "MotivACTION" educational experience. The program "MotivACTION: Feed your SuperACTION" is designed and implemented based on the development of a workshop organized through the Universidad Europea de Madrid. As the main preliminary results of the pilot study, the schoolchildren who experienced the "MotivACTION" workshop showed high satisfaction with the educational program. They were able to create a healthy menu with the frog chef. They also felt better and happier at the end of it, and they enjoyed practicing physical activity moving to the rhythm of the music while doing mathematical calculations.

A Holistic Vision of the Academic and Sports Development of Elite Spanish Track and Field Athletes.

BACKGROUND: Combining sports and studies could be stressful, but beneficial for the athletes' career development. This study explores resources and barriers in the combination of the sports and academic life spheres during the lifespan of elite Spanish track-and-field athletes. METHODS: Seven elite Spanish track-and-field athletes participated in a semistructured interview about their experiences to establish a dual career combining sports and studies/work. Interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) followed to analyze data. RESULTS: Findings show that elite Spanish track-and-field athletes face educational and institutional barriers to developing a dual career. Time management, social support, and additional resources could play a key role in the success or failure to develop a dual career. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that, to overcome dual-career barriers, athletes are resourceful if social support is provided at both the micro (coaches, families, etc.) and macro (political and educational institutions) levels. It also shows that pursuing an academic career can help in alleviating inherent tensions to athletic life and in finding personal balance.

Measuring optimal psychological states: Proposal of two brief versions to measure flow and clutch in athletes.

Background: The study of sports experiences with high levels of performance has led to the observation of two psychological states categorized as optimal, denominated flow and clutch. The objective of this study is to design and validate two brief scales version to measure flow and clutch. Methods: Following the MIMO (Maximum Information, Minimum Discomfort) protocol, three studies are carried out: In Study 1, we developed the short versions of the questionnaires based on theory-driven and data-driven criteria; in Study 2, we used quantitative criteria to validate the short versions; and in Study 3, we checked the final version of each scale to observe their statistical validity and their relation to other variables. Results: The new short flow scale is made up of seven items, while the clutch scale is made up of five items. Throughout the three studies, evidence is provided of the internal consistency, invariance of the measurement models and content validity, validity related to the responding process and validity in relation to other variables. Conclusion: This study provides two short versions to evaluate flow and clutch, which will help to continue advancing in the study of optimal psychological states in sport.

Study of an Anti-Doping Education Program in Spanish Sports Sciences Students.

Doping continues to be one of the biggest risks to the credibility of elite sports, and its practice remains widespread among athletes despite improved controls. Athletes' support personnel could be key to preventing doping behavior. In this sense, anti-doping education for this population appears as a possible strategy to reduce doping behaviors in elite sport, but these programs must be evaluated and designed based on scientific evidence. The aim of this research is to explore the impact of an anti-doping education program about substances perceived efficacy, ill-health short- and long-term effects, and the morality of doping substance use in Spanish sports sciences students. METHOD: A total of 145 students of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (PASS) from different Spanish universities who took an online anti-doping educational course of the Spanish Anti-Doping Commission (CELAD) answered a questionnaire on their perceptions about doping before, after, and four months later. RESULTS: The results show that the course reduced students' ignorance about the effects of substances on performance and health and increased their moral judgment and feelings against doping. DISCUSSION: The results are in line with previous research that showed that the moral stance against doping can be improved through educational programs. CONCLUSION: Online educational interventions can be effective in reducing doping behavior, so their future implementation among ASP can be an effective strategy to reduce doping behavior.

Employee-Athletes: Exploring the Elite Spanish Athletes' Perceptions of Combining Sport and Work.

Researchers have studied the athletes' dual careers with the aim of helping them to combine the sport and the academic-vocational sphere. Most of this research has addressed the study-sport combination, but there is a lack of studies on the work-sport combination. The main objective of this research was to explore the subjective perceptions of Spanish elite athletes when attempting to combine their careers as professional athletes with a second profession or trade. Further, this study aims to identify the access to facilitating resources and the perception of obstacles and barriers to the development of a dual career. A qualitative approach was chosen to address these research questions. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was carried out on a sample of 18 elite athletes, and the data were collected using semi-structured interviews based on a set of superordinate and subordinate categories. The results showed that the athletes interviewed possessed valuable resources such as the transference of sports values to the work sphere. However, important barriers were highlighted such as the perception of sport institutions as absent entities in the work-sport combination. Thus, the study of this type of dual career seems to be one of the challenges facing the interested scientific community for the coming years.

The Influence of Basic Psychological Needs and Passion in Promoting Elite Young Football Players' Development.

Motivational variables and cognitive skills have been identified as important in an athlete's development. The aim of this study is to explore the influence of each basic psychological needs satisfaction on player's development regarding reflection and concentration disruption with the mediation of types of passion in Spanish young elite football players. A total of 487 elite U18 male football players (Mage = 17.43, SD = 0.71) completed measures of basic psychological needs satisfaction, passion for football, reflective thinking, and concentration disruption. Measurement models were defined using exploratory structural equation models. The results provide support for the model, where each psychological needs satisfaction prompted reflection and had a negative influence on concentration disruption with the mediation of harmonious passion. In addition, obsessive passion mediated the positive relationship between competence satisfaction and concentration disruption. Finally, competence and relatedness satisfaction influenced the development of reflection directly and positively and, exclusively, relatedness satisfaction had a negative influence in a direct way on concentration disruption. In sum, our results highlight that (a) the environment of young footballers through psychological needs satisfaction has a positive (i.e., reflection) or negative (i.e., concentration disruption) influence on the field, but only with the mediation of harmonious passion, (b) in a competitive environment, the perception of competence can have a positive influence on concentration disruption, but only with the development of obsessive passion as a mediator, and (c) relatedness satisfaction plays a key role in distinguishing between reflection and concentration disruption.

Analysis of the Athletic Career and Retirement Depending on the Type of Sport: A Comparison between Individual and Team Sports.

The type of sport practiced may shape the athletic career, considered as the period in which an athlete is dedicated to obtaining their maximum performance in one or more sports. The aim of this study was to compare athletic careers and retirement in individual and team sports. Four hundred and ten former elite athletes (38.5 ± 7.6 years) answered an ad hoc questionnaire; 61.5% were men and 38.5% women; 45.1% were from individual sports, while 54.9% were from team sports. It emerged that the age of maximum sports performance and the retirement age occurred significantly later in team sports than in individual sports (U = 15,042 and U = 12,624.5, respectively p < 0.001). Team sports athletes combined their athletic career with work to a greater extent than those from individual sports (χ2 (3, N = 408) = 14.2; p = 0.003; Cv = 0.187). Individual sports athletes trained more hours per week (30.0 ± 11.7 h) than those involved in team sports (19.2 ± 10.7 h; U = 9682; p < 0.001). These athletes (team sports) were in a better economic and working situation at retirement transition (χ2 (3, N = 406) = 23.9; p < 0.001; Cv = 0.242). Individual sports athletes perform physical activity more frequently than team sports athletes (U = 16,267.5; p = 0.045), while team sports athletes participate more actively in veteran competitions (χ2 (1, N = 390) = 3.9; p = 0.047; Cv = 0.104) and more frequently attend events as spectators (χ2 (1, N = 390) = 8.4; p = 0.004; Cv = 0.151). dual career support providers should be aware that team sports athletes enjoy a longer athletic career, and they are in a better position to face the retirement transition than individual sports athletes.

Validación de la versión española de la Escala de Reflexión en futbolistas de élite jóvenes / Validation of the Spanish Version of the Reflection Scale for Young Elite Football Players / Validação da versão espanhola da Escada de Reflexão em futebolistas de elite jovens

Resumen Objetivo. Validar la versión española de la Escala de Reflexión del instrumento Reflective Learnning Continuum en futbolistas jóvenes de élite. Método. Estudio de validación. La versión original fue traducida y adaptada siguiendo el protocolo de la American Psychological Association. Una vez traducida, se administró a 478 jugadores jóvenes de élite junto con el Behavioural Regulation in Sport Questionnaire, con el objetivo de evaluar sus propiedades psicométricas; además, se llevaron a cabo el análisis de consistencia interna, el análisis factorial confirmatorio y el análisis de correlaciones bivariadas con variables teóricamente relacionadas. Resultados. En el análisis de contenido, la versión española de la Escala de Reflexión aplicada mostró evidencias en los aspectos cultural y lingüístico con la versión original. Además, el análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró un ajuste aceptable a los datos: χ²(df) = 28.61 (88), p < 0.001, RMSEA (90% CI) = 0.07 (0.06-0.08), CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.99. Los análisis de consistencia interna, así como la relación con la motivación, apoyaron la versión validada. Conclusión. Los resultados proporcionan evidencia en favor de las propiedades psicométricas de la validación al español de la Escala de Reflexión.

Abstract Objective. To validate the Spanish version of the Reflection Scale from the instrument Reflective Learning Continuum for young elite football players. Method. Validation study. The original version was translated and adapted following the protocol of the American Psychological Association. Once translated, the version was administered to 478 young elite players together with the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire, aiming to evaluate the psychometric properties. In addition, internal consistency analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and bivariate correlations analysis with theoretically related variables were carried out. Results. The Spanish version of the Reflection Scale shows cultural and linguistic evidence with its original version. Moreover, confirmatory factor analysis showed an acceptable fit to the data χ²(df)= 28.61 (88), p < 0.001, RMSEA (90% CI) = 0.07 (0.06-0.08), CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.99. Also, the internal consistency analyses, as well as the relationship with motivation, support the validated version. Conclusion. The results provide evidence in favour of the psychometric properties of the Spanish validation of the Reflection Scale.

Resumo Escopo. Validar a versão espanhola da Escada de Reflexão do instrumento Reflective Learnning Continuum em futebolistas jovens de elite. Metodologia. Estudo de validação. A versão original foi traduzida e adaptada seguindo o protocolo da American Psycological Association. Uma vez traduzida, foi administrada a 478 jogadores jovens de elite junto com o Behavioural Regulation in Sport Qustionnaire, com o escopo de avaliar suas propriedades psicométricas; Além, foram realizadas analises de correlações bivariadas com variáveis teoricamente relacionadas. Resultados. Na análise de conteúdo, a versão espanhola da Escada de Reflexão aplicada mostrou evidencias nos aspectos cultural e linguístico com a versão original. Além, a análise fatorial confirmatória mostrou um ajuste aceitável para os dados: As análises de consistência interna, assim como a relação com a motivação, apoiaram a versão validada. Conclusão. Os resultados proporcionaram evidencia em favor das propriedades psicométricas da validação ao espanhol da Escada de Reflexão.

The Employability Process of Spanish Retired Elite Athletes: Gender and Sport Success Comparison.

The aims of the study were: (i) to describe the work integration after retirement in elite athletes, (ii) to compare the working integration of women and men, and Olympic and non-Olympic athletes, and (iii) to specify the factors that affect their employment status and current monthly income. A total of 476 former elite athletes were surveyed. Non-parametric statistics were applied to compare the differences between groups and a classification tree analysis was performed for the dependent variables. The former elite athlete's unemployment rate was better than the general population. At the gender comparison, a wage gap appeared between women and men. At the comparison between Olympic and non-Olympic athletes, the link to first employment differed in both groups. In the prediction models, finishing higher education arose as a key factor of the working status and the monthly salary. Among those without higher education studies, planning arose as a factor determining their salary, while among those with high qualifications, gender was the key factor. This study supports the importance of a holistic view of athletic career development and it offers practical insights into the process of reaching first employment after retirement.

Understanding Physical Activity Intentions in Physical Education Context: A multi-level Analysis from the Self-Determination Theory.

Using self-determination theory as a framework, we aimed to study the relationships between perceived need support and need satisfaction with self-determined motivation and extracurricular physical activity intentions in the physical education (PE) classroom, including sex and out-of-school sport participation as moderators. Additionally, we aimed to test whether a need-supportive classroom environment in PE moderates these associations. Participants were 1259 students (556 males) aged between 12 to 16 years (Mage = 13.46 years; SD = 0.74) from 77 PE classes. At the student level we found (a) need satisfaction to predict positively autonomous motivation and negatively amotivation, and (b) autonomous motivation to predict positively and amotivation to predict negatively intentions to undertake extracurricular physical activities. At the classroom level, in need-supportive classes males benefit more than females in terms of increased autonomous motivation while females benefit more than males in terms of decreased amotivation. Finally, class-level perceived need support moderated (i.e., attenuated) the negative association between need satisfaction and amotivation and between amotivation and intentions. These results suggest a buffering role that a need-supportive classroom environment may have on students' motivation and behavior.

"Nunca pensé abandonar los estudios": relación entre la formación académica de los progenitores y la carrera dual de deportistas de élite / "I never thought I'd drop out of school". The influence of parents academic history in the development of dual career in the elite athletes / "Nunca pensei em desistir da escola". Influência da formação acadêmica dos país no desenvolvimento da carreira dual do atletas de elite

El objetivo general del presente estudio es explorar la relación de la formación académica de los progenitores en el desarrollo de la carrera dual de los deportistas de élite. Para ello, se diseñó un estudio cualitativo con una muestra de 20 deportistas (10 retirados y 10 en activo). A raíz de las entrevistas semiestructuradas se realizó un análisis de contenido combinando aproximaciones deductivas e inductivas, obteniendo diferentes categorías con significado representativo. Los resultados muestran que los deportistas cuyos padres poseían estudios superiores, optan por la realización de la carrera dual cursando también este tipo de estudios. Además, suelen elegir carreras no vinculadas con el deporte, lo que parece dotarles de una identidad multidimensional que les facilita la retirada de la élite deportiva. Por otro lado, los deportistas cuyos padres no poseían este tipo de estudios, cuando optan por la carrera dual, lo hacen estudiando carreras, estudios reglados o no reglados (no regulados por ley ni contemplados por el Ministerio de Educación), vinculados al deporte, lo que favorece la identidad unidimensional, exclusivamente deportiva, y parece dificultar la transición a la retirada

The main aim of this study is to explore the relation of the educational level of the parents in the development of the elite athletes' dual career. For this purpose, a qualitative study was designed through personal interviews with a sample of 20 athletes (10 retired and 10 active). Subsequently, a content analysis was carried out combining deductive and inductive approaches, and different representative categories were obtained. The results show that those athletes whose parents had a higher education develop a dual career including university studies. In addition, they usually choose a university degree not linked to sports, which seems to give them a multidimensional identity that facilitates the withdrawal of their sporting career. On the other hand, athletes whose parents did not have higher education, when they opt for a dual career, they do so by studying university degrees linked to sports, officially and non officially sanctioned-non regulated by law nor approved by the Education Ministry. This favors a one-dimensional identity exclusively focused on sports, hampering the transition to the athletic retirement

O objetivo do presente estudo é explorar a relação que exerce a formação académica dos progenitores na carreira dual dos atletas de elite. Desenhouse um estudo qualitativo com uma amostra de 20 atletas (10 retirados e 10 no ativo). Após as entrevistas realizadas, procedeuse a uma análise de conteúdo combinando análises dedutivas e indutivas, obtendo diferentes categorias representativas. Os resultados mostram que os atletas, cujos progenitores possuem estudos superiores, optam por uma carreira dual investindo também nesse tipo de estudos. Para além disso, estes atletas escolhem áreas académicas não vinculadas ao desporto, o que parece dotá-los de uma identidade multidimensional que facilita a retirada desportiva. Por outro lado, os atletas cujos progenitores não têm este tipo de estudos, quando optam por uma carreira dual, fazemno escolhendo áreas académicas, ou cursos não universitários, relacionadas com o desporto, o que favorece a identidade unidimensional, exclusivamente desportiva e dificulta a transição na retirada desportiva

Future Achievements, Passion and Motivation in the Transition from Junior-to-Senior Sport in Spanish Young Elite Soccer Players.

Within the context of the transition from junior-to-senior sport, this study aims in first place to explore differences in young Spanish elite soccer players based on the importance given to getting different achievements in their future (including sport, studies and private life) and, in second place, to explore differences among those players in levels of passion, motivation and basic psychological need. 478 elite youth soccer filled out a questionnaire based on the presented theoretical models. A cluster analysis shows a sport oriented group (N = 98) only interested in becoming a professional, a life spheres balance group (N = 288) characterized by balancing the importance of achievements in the sport sphere, as well as in education and a private life and a group (N = 91) only interested in private life achievements. The life spheres balance group shows higher levels of harmonious passion (η2 = .06, F(2, 475) = 9.990, p < .001) than the players of the other groups. The life spheres balance group shows higher levels of autonomous motivation (η2 = .10, F(2, 475) = 13.597, p < .001), autonomy (η2 = .07, F(2, 475) = 6.592, p < .01) and relatedness satisfaction (η2 = .07, F(2, 475) = 5.603, p < .01) than the sport oriented group as well as lower levels of amotivation (η2 = .04, F(2, 475) = 6.665, p < .01) than the private life oriented group. This study suggests players who perceive equal future importance in their life spheres appear to be more resourceful than the other two groups regarding athletes' internal resources, such as passion and motivation, to cope with the transition to professional soccer.

Future achievements, passion and motivation in the transition from junior-to-senior sport in Spanish young elite soccer players

Within the context of the transition from junior-to-senior sport, this study aims in first place to explore differences in young Spanish elite soccer players based on the importance given to getting different achievements in their future (including sport, studies and private life) and, in second place, to explore differences among those players in levels of passion, motivation and basic psychological need. 478 elite youth soccer filled out a questionnaire based on the presented theoretical models. A cluster analysis shows a sport oriented group (N = 98) only interested in becoming a professional, a life spheres balance group (N = 288) characterized by balancing the importance of achievements in the sport sphere, as well as in education and a private life and a group (N = 91) only interested in private life achievements. The life spheres balance group shows higher levels of harmonious passion (η2 = .06, F(2, 475) = 9.990, p < .001) than the players of the other groups. The life spheres balance group shows higher levels of autonomous motivation (η2 = .10, F(2, 475) = 13.597, p < .001), autonomy (η2 = .07, F(2, 475) = 6.592, p < .01) and relatedness satisfaction (η2 = .07, F(2, 475) = 5.603, p < .01) than the sport oriented group as well as lower levels of amotivation (η2 = .04, F(2, 475) = 6.665, p < .01) than the private life oriented group. This study suggests players who perceive equal future importance in their life spheres appear to be more resourceful than the other two groups regarding athletes’ internal resources, such as passion and motivation, to cope with the transition to professional soccer (AU)

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¿Apoyan los entrenadores la motivación de sus deportistas? Diferencias en la percepción del comportamiento / Do coaches support their athletes motivation? Differences in the perception of behavior / Os treinores fomentam a motivação dos seus atletas? diferenças na percepção do comportamento

The aim of this study was focused on assessing the influence of perception of support for basic psychological needs (BPN) on variables such as intrinsic motivation, enjoyment, boredom, and intention to persist in the training sport context; and how this can affect the difference between what is provided and what coaches believe athletes perceive in relation to such support. To achieve this aim, two different studies were conducted. In the 1st study, 985 athletes participated (M = 14.34; SD = 2.52), and a regression analysis was performed, where the results showed the importance of perception of support for BPN in the variables analyzed. Regarding the outcomes found in the former section, the 2nd study was carried out, where 91 coaches (M = 32.41; SD = 6.51) and 432 athletes (M = 13.44; SD = 2.92) were involved, and an analysis of differences was conducted after the creation of groups of coaches formed with respect to the support given and the support perceived by athletes. The results show differences in intrinsic motivation, boredom and intention to persist between athletes whose coaches were believed to give more support for BPN than perceived by athletes, with respect to participants whose coaches were considered to give support similar to or lower than the perceived. Therefore, the outcomes found have relevant implications to explain sport adherence in training stages, as well as the consideration of motivational background in a sport context

El objetivo de este trabajo era valorar la influencia de la percepción de apoyo a las necesidades psicológicas básicas (NPB) sobre la motivación intrínseca, disfrute, aburrimiento e intención de persistencia en el contexto deportivo de base, y como podía incidir la diferencia entre lo que los entrenadores creían proporcionar y lo que los deportistas percibían, en relación a dicho apoyo. Para ello, se llevaron a cabo 2 estudios diferentes. En el estudio 1 participaron 985 deportistas (M = 14.34; DE = 2.52) y se realizó un análisis de regresión, en el que se demostró la importancia de las percepciones de apoyo a las NPB sobre las variables analizadas. En función de estos resultados, se llevó a cabo el estudio 2, en el que participaron 91 entrenadores (M = 32.41; DE = 6.51) y 432 deportistas (M = 13.44; DE = 2.92), realizándose un análisis de diferencias entre grupos de entrenadores creados en función de la percepción de apoyo proporcionado y el apoyo percibido por los deportistas. Los resultados demostraron diferencias en la motivación intrínseca, aburrimiento e intención de persistencia entre los deportistas cuyos entrenadores creían proporcionar más apoyo a las NPB que el percibido por los atletas, respecto a aquellos cuyos entrenadores consideraban realizar un apoyo similar o inferior al percibido. Por tanto, los resultados hallados tienen implicaciones relevantes para explicar la adherencia deportiva en etapas de formación y en la consideración de los antecedentes motivacionales en el contexto deportivo

O principal objectivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a influência da percepção de apoio às necessidades psicológicas básicas (NPB) emvariáveis como a motivação intrínseca, divertimento, aborrecimento e intenção para persistir no treino desportivo, e como isso pode afectar as diferençasentre o que fornecem e o que pensam os treinadores que os atletas percepcionam no que concerne a esse apoio. Para alcançar este objectivo, foramdesenvolvidos dois trabalhos. No primeiro estudo participaram 985 atletas (M= 14.34; DP= 2.52), e foi realizada uma análise de regressão sendo queos resultados demonstraram a importância da percepção de apoio às NPB nas variáveis analisadas. Tendo em conta os resultados obtidos no estudoanterior, o segundo estudo foi levado a cabo com a participação de 91 treinadores (M= 32.41; DP= 6.51) e 432 atletas (M= 13.44;DP= 2.92), e umaanálise de diferenças efectuada após a criação de grupos de treinadores formados com base no critério de apoio prestado e o apoio percebido pelosatletas. Os resultados revelam diferenças na motivação intrínseca, aborrecimento e intenção de persistir entre atletas cujos treinadores acreditavamfornecer mais apoio paras as NPB que o percepcionado pelos atletas, relativamente aos participantes cujos treinadores consideravam fornecer igual ouinferior apoio ao percepcionado. Contudo, os resultados obtidos apresentam implicações relevantes na explicação da adesão às etapas do treino desportivo,bem como relativamente à consideração de antecedentes motivacionais no contexto desportivo